Stand and Deliver Character Analysis

â€Å"Stand and Deliver† character analysis The characters in â€Å"Stand and Deliver† went through a great deal in this movie and all brought something else to the movie. The star of the movie is Jaime Escalante played by Edward James Olmos. Escalante is the teacher of the students that quits his job with a computer company to teach at Garfield High School. He comes to teach computer science, but the school did not get the computers and he has to teach math. He takes over the math class and expects a great deal of his students and challenges the faculty to allow him to teach Mr. Escalante encounters some opposition to teaching calculus from Mr.Molina, the principal and Raquel Ortega, a teacher. Mr. Molina is the principal of Garfield High School played by Carmen Argenziano. Mr. Molina laughs at Mr. Escalante’s idea of teaching calculus, but he supports him when the program gets under way. Raquel Ortega, played by Virginia Paris, is not as helpful as Mr. Molina and she doubts the abilities of the students many di fferent times throughout the movie. The students in the movie are very important and there are many that are central to the movie. Angel Guzman, played by Lou Diamond Phillips, is the tough guy of the school that chooses to cut class with his fellow gang members.Mr. Escalante reaches out to him and through the movie we see his transition into one of the brighter students while maintaining his gangster image. Ana Delgado, played by Vanessa Marquez, is the quiet girl that happens to be brilliant. She is almost forced to drop out of school so she can work at her family’s restaurant full time, but Mr. Escalante intervenes and convinces her father to allow her to come back to school. Pancho, played by Will Gotay, is the least smart student in the class and lets everyone know it. He considers not taking the calculus class to instead work at a factory and make money, but again Mr.Escalante convinces him to take the class and he passes the AP exam along with all the others. Lupe Esco bar, played by Ingrid Oliu, deals with a great deal of responsibility at home and we see that she is responsible for getting her little brothers and sisters to bed and preparing her father’s lunch. The other important characters in the movie are the agents from the ETS (Educational Testing Service). Dr. Ramirez, played by Andy Garcia, and Dr. Pearson, played by Rif Hutton, are sent to Garfield to investigate the possibility of Mr. Escalante’s students cheating.The ETS suspects the students cheated because of irregularities in the test, which they say many times in the movie, but they still come off as bad guys and Mr. Escalante even threatens Dr. Ramirez. Economic Culture The economic culture of these students was displayed throughout the movie to show that they came from poor families and neighborhoods. When people were trying to sell their goods on the street, such as bags of apples and having a taco stand, it was a symbol of a way of life and how people tried to sur vive. It was a traditional ritual for vendors to fill the streets in order to make money.Another symbol of their poor economic culture was stealing, such as when Mr. Escalante came out to his car and found his stereo gone. While outsiders may view the students as thieves, they personally saw it as a way of life, and doing whatever was necessary to get money. The culture of the work was displayed in the students as they had to help their families in restaurants, fix cars, and tend to the needs of children. Ana had to help with her family’s restaurant. Mr. Escalante visited the restaurant to talk with Ana’s father. Unfortunately, her father did not take into consideration that Ana could excel in life with a college education.The father thought that since everyone else was working in the restaurant, Ana would be fine working there too. She decided to drop out, but ended up rejoining the class. One of the students, Pancho, was skilled in auto mechanics. His uncle offered h im a job on the weekends operating a forklift that would have paid time and a half. This would have been a good money maker for him and his family, and making money was a big deal in the culture of these families. Since this conflicted with the class meeting time on Saturday, he thought about dropping out of the class. Mr. Escalante showed Pancho how he could go beyond merely fixing cars.One of the ways this was done was through showing Pancho technology that designed cars. Mr. Escalante told him that he could go to college and make more money designing cars. Mr. Escalante also took Pancho on an eye-opening drive. When Pancho had to make a decision about which way to go, he yelled â€Å"go right, go right†. Mr. Escalante continued straight and replied â€Å"all you see is the turn; you don’t see the road ahead†. When Jaime Escalante first agreed to teach at the school, he was expecting to teach computer science. He arrived on the first day of school to find that there were no computers in the school due to lack of funding.Since he could not teach that class, he ended up teaching math. Mr. Escalante himself had a struggle with the economical culture within his family. He chose to teach, which was a low paying job in that neighborhood. He could have found a better job which paid more, but he chose to teach these students because he believed in them. Political Culture As in every school system, there is a political structure among the staff. Jaime Escalante had to go through higher authorities to get permission to teach calculus, have additional meeting times for the class, and encourage the students to take the exam.They reluctantly gave him permission, although no one believed that he would be able to teach these students. The political culture gave higher ranked officials in the school the power. When Jaime brought up the thought of teaching calculus, he was laughed at. When the idea was finally considered, the department chair was upset t hat her objections were not listened to, and she left. She had mentioned that the students could not handle being taught calculus, and she said that what little self confidence they had would be shattered.Jaime Escalante wanted to challenge the political culture of the school to change the way things had been handled historically. The authorities in the school’s political structure had been worried about their students’ low test scores, but Mr. Escalante was the one who took action towards that. The graffiti on the side of a building that said â€Å"we are not a minority† was a symbol of their struggle in life and how they are viewed as outsiders. The students in the movie were oppressed, and ended up being motivated to fight it.As Paulo Freire mentions in Pedagogy of the Oppressed, â€Å"they [oppressed] will not gain this liberation by chance but through the praxis of their quest for it, through their recognition of the necessity to fight for it† (45). They wanted to show that they were just as capable of achieving goals as people of other ethnicities. Through taking the AP calculus test, they were able to do just that. Social Culture There are instances of social culture throughout â€Å"Stand and Deliver. † We see cultural symbols like the language used by the characters and the environment.The cultural rituals are shown in the characters homes and at school. The cultural ideology is seen in the attitudes of the students and the attitudes of the faculty. The social solidarity exists between the students and Mr. Escalante. â€Å"Stand and Deliver† takes place in East Los Angeles and there is a great deal of cultural symbols within the community. East Los Angeles is a Hispanic community and we see that in the movie because there are many instances of Spanish speaking by characters throughout the movie. Mr. Escalante’s first day in class shows that he has five or six students that do not even speak English and Mr.Escalante gives them Spanish instructions. When Mr. Escalante and his wife eat at a restaurant owned by a family of one of his students they say â€Å"mucho gusto† to her father, which in English means â€Å"pleased to meet you. † Mr. Escalante not only teaches math at the high school, but he teaches English to Spanish-speaking adults in the evenings and there are many people in his class. Even one of the agents from the ETS in the movie speaks Spanish telling them that he came from their neighborhood. The environment of East Los Angeles is full of symbols that deal with the culture of the characters.We see a pinata store and even see a man pushing a taco cart. These symbols deal with the Hispanic culture, but there is another culture for these students and that is one of being poor. We see in the movie graffiti everywhere and the buildings are rundown with fading paint. Mr. Escalante’s stereo is stolen from his car and we see the secretary reporting a theft to a police officer. It is terrible, but these are cultural symbols for this neighborhood. The cultural rituals we witness in this movie are seen at school and in the character’s interactions at home.A great deal of the movie takes place in the classroom because Mr. Escalante makes his students show up an hour early for school and stay late everyday and he even makes them come in on Saturdays. This changed the idea of school for many of these students that were used to slacking off in school. The students are part of this ritual because they want to pass the AP exam and Mr. Escalante expects them to show up. We witness the students taking quizzes everyday and having a quiz every Friday. They even come to school during the summer for five hours each day.At home we see one student’s ritual. She is responsible for getting the kids to be bed because her father works at night and her mother works during the day. We see her pack her father a meal, tell him goodbye, put the k ids to bed just as her mother gets home, and as she tries to do her homework her mother tells her to turn out the light so she can sleep. This is her ritual every night. The cultural ideology in this film is shown by the students and faculty. Many of these students do not take Mr. Escalante seriously because they do not think they can make anything of themselves. One of Mr.Escalante’s students is almost forced to drop out of school so she can work in her family’s restaurant full-time. Her father’s ideology is shown when he tells Mr. Escalante that she cannot go to college or finish high school and that no one else in her family went far in school and they are doing fine. The faculty’s ideology in this movie is quite frightening. When Mr. Escalante brings up the idea of teaching calculus, the principal laughs out loud at him because he does not think that these students have the skills to take calculus. He also has many interactions with another teacher th at constantly tells Mr.Escalante that these kids do not have the ability to do well and when the class is suspected of cheating she does not doubt for a second that they did it. The social solidarity in this movie exists between Mr. Escalante and his students. Mr. Escalante works together with his students to teach them calculus and pass the AP exam. He develops a bond with these kids and constantly tries to motivate them to believe that they can do it. Many of these kids come from broken homes and in taking an interest in their life it really makes a difference when you are getting them to learn (Teaching Today).They show up for extra hours to learn from Mr. Escalante because they believe him when he tells them they can do it. Mr. Escalante is always there for them when they need him. When one of his students is told to drop out of school, he talks her father into letting her come back and in the end we see how much they like him when they present him with a gift for all that he ha d done for them. Since he believed in them, they believed in him. Historical Culture Historically, the culture is challenged by Mr. Escalante throughout the entire movie.He comes to teach at a high school where they do not expect much from their students and he completely changes that. He tells the faculty to allow him to teach calculus, which had never been taught at their high school before. He makes his students come to summer school, which had previously only been open for students who were behind in their classes. He constantly challenges the practices of this school and he succeeds in his challenges by expecting a great deal from these kids and not allowing them to give up because of their ethnicity or where they come from.In keeping the standards high for his students he is the first to really challenge them and make them work hard, which is why he is so successful (Teaching Today). His constant motivation was the result of his attitude towards these students that they could succeed regardless of their background, which is why he was such an effective teacher (McCormack-Larkin, 410). Mr. Escalante did not let the past dictate what he did with his students. The most important thing that he did change was making these students think about making something of their life.He was able to encourage the students to learn by the styles of his teaching. He was able to interest them in the subject. â€Å"It is a teacher’s infectious enthusiasm for learning itself, as much as the student’s own curiosity about the teacher’s subject, that is apt to captivate a student† (Banner 11). Revolutionary Thinking This thinking by Mr. Escalante was revolutionary. He went against what everyone was saying and completely changed the way these kids thought about themselves. Paulo Friere speaks of revolution as, â€Å"an equal effort by both sides leader and people not one more than the other† (Friere, 129).Mr. Escalante is the leader and the stud ents are the people because he presents his idea of teaching calculus and they follow him. What I learned â€Å"Stand and Deliver† was an excellent film and has really impacted the way in which I will teach when I become a teacher. Mr. Escalante always expected his students to do well even when others told him they could not. I feel that in teaching we have to expect our students to succeed if we want to be effective. It is my responsibility to convey my expectations to these students and encourage them to achieve this success.Another lesson I have learned from â€Å"Stand and Deliver† is to work hard in the classroom, but have fun while you are doing it. By having fun you build relationships with students and building relationships is very important in reaching students, especially those that are disadvantaged (Teaching Today). I will also remember to constantly use dialogue with my students because dialogue is used to learn and know (Freire, 17). Academic Expectation s [pic] Jaime Escalante was a math teacher and throughout the movie he met many of Kentucky’s Academic Expectations.Sarah is going into the field of Elementary Education and all of these Academic Expectations are going to be met by her as well. Program of Studies Dennis will be teaching at the high school level just like Mr. Escalante, but he will be teaching History instead of Math. Both will have to deal with Program of Studies and one that meets the needs of both is SS-H-WG-CS-4 (Teaching Tools). This Program of Studies states that students will analyze how regions and places can have distinct cultural characteristics (Teaching Tools). Mr.Escalante was from the same place as his students and knew all about the culture of East Los Angeles and how it was mostly Hispanic. While this did not necessarily deal with his teaching of math it dealt with his ability to interact with the students. Core Content for Assessment As an Elementary school teacher, Sarah will be responsible f or each content area, but social studies relates directly to Dennis as he is teaching history. The core content area of social studies section SS-E-2. 1. 2 which says Elements of culture (e. g. language, music, art, dress, food, stories, folktales) serve to define specific groups and may result in unique perspectives, relates directly to the students in â€Å"Stand and Deliver† (Teaching Tools). The students had to accept how their culture stood out from the surrounding areas. When they were accused of cheating on the test, they knew that their culture was perceived differently than if they would have been Caucasians. New Teacher Standard As Kentucky teachers, Sarah and Dennis will have to meet certain standards when teaching and in watching â€Å"Stand and Deliver† we witnessed a very important standard.New Teacher Standard 2: Creates/ Maintains Learning Climate, which states that, â€Å"The teacher creates a learning climate that supports the development of student abilities to use communication skills, apply core concepts, become self-sufficient individuals, become responsible team members, think and solve problems, and integrate knowledge† (New Teacher Standards). Mr. Escalante gets the most out of his students because his classroom is a very effective climate. He supports them by constantly encouraging them and holding them accountable in everything they do. Bibliography Banner Jr. James M. and Harold C. Cannon. The Elements of Teaching. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. McCormack-Larkin, Maureen. â€Å"Change in Urban Schools. † Journal of Negro Education 54 (3) (1985): 409-415. New Teacher Standards. Educational Professional Standards Board. 21 Oct. 2005. . Stand and Deliver. Dir. Ramon Menendez. Perf. Edward James Olmos and Lou Diamond Phillips. Warner Bros. , 1988. Teaching Today: Weekly Tips. Glencoe Online. 15 Oct. 2005. . Teaching Tools. Kentucky Department of Education. 21 Oct. 2005. .

Multilingualism or Not? Essay

Today in America, there is a raging debate going on: should we promote multilingualism or accept a â€Å"melting pot† ideology? The melting pot ideology dictates assimilating into a common culture and language. Views on this issue are very polarized, which make a compromise seem hard to accomplish. Two articles that pertain to this topic are â€Å"American Multilingualism: A National Tragedy,† by Franklin Raff published on WND.com, and â€Å"English Only Laws Divide and Demean,† by Warren J. Blumenfeld published in The Huffington Post. Both articles are direct contradictions of each other with Raff saying languages other than English are unduly practiced and embraced in America while Blumenfeld argues that America should promote the practice of multiple languages. While I do not find myself agreeing completely with either one, there are points in both that appeal to me and give me a better understanding of multilingualism, and the influences of its wide reaching effects on society. In â€Å"American Multilingualism: A National Tragedy,† writer Franklin Raff introduces an ad broadcast on Super Bowl Sunday. It is a Toyota car ad, which is touted to be the first â€Å"bicultural, bilingual† advertisement. The spot compares the benefits of being bilingual to a hybrid car. Raff claims that the ad agency responsible for the ad has bluffed in equating bilingualism to anything good. He even goes as far as to say that the effects of promoting bilingualism can be fatal. To support his claim of fatality he uses the situation in where doctors are unable to  comprehend their patients. He also brings up the fact that workers who are unable to comprehend safety regulations at worksites meet untimely deaths. Raff speaks of the Chicago school system, which has an overwhelming population of Hispanics and is also the worst performing of all school systems. He then introduces a janitor, who cannot speak English and as such cannot get a better job despite his attention to detail, and a little Spanish speaking girl, who he encountered in the supermarket and cannot offer her help due to her not understanding English. Raff also provides statistics that portray Hispanics as unable to complete higher education courses due to their knowledge of Spanish and not English. He closes by saying it is a disservice to oneself to speak Spanish and as such it is a national tragedy. Raff’s article has a feeling of immense passion on something he feels is a great plague to the nation. He argues to great lengths on the extent of â€Å"damage† that speaking other languages causes to society. The Spanish language is his argument’s main adversary. He uses rhetorical strategies such as pathos and angle of vision to significant effect to support his claim. In his attempt to gain emotional support from his readers he makes impassioned pleas and relates personal experiences. He introduces the idea of being unable to comprehend languages as being detrimental to the point of even causing deaths. He uses examples of miscommunication in a health care facility and safety regulations at work sites. Death being the worst fate of mankind is a useful point for Raff as readers would be appalled that death is a possibility for some and that it could be avoided. He also speaks of the failing Chicago school system which is densely populated by Hispanics and he insinuates that their practice of language is what fails them. Others he says afflicted by speaking Spanish include a janitor he knows and a girl he encounters at the supermarket. Raff seeks to gain support by relating the troubles he perceives and leading  people to believe that Hispanics would be afforded a better quality of life and possibility of success by relinquishing the Spanish language and adopting the English language. Franklin Raff’s use of angle of vision lies in subtle inferences that readers have to make on their own. As it relates to the janitor he describes as a â€Å"fast, meticulous and good-natured worker,† Raff claims he can communicate with the janitor due to his knowledge of Italian, but Raff fails to write about the janitor’s feelings but rather what he believes the janitor should feel. Raff also speaks of high failure rates of Hispanics but he fails to account for any success of Hispanics in America, by doing this he can gain support from people who do not choose to consider more factors than the ones only stated by Raff. He makes it seem as though it is all doom and gloom because of knowing another language. In â€Å"English Only Laws Divide and Demean,† Warren Blumenfeld starts by relating an experience he had with his multilingual cousin, living in Belgium. His cousin poses a riddle to him, with the outcome saying that persons that can only speak one language are referred to as â€Å"US-American† as opposed to monolingual. Blumenfeld accepts this as a truth and goes on to lament that despite being so closely bordered by countries that speak other languages, Americans are stuck in their monolingual ways. He states that Americans’ lack of care for other languages has been endorsed by major political figures such as former President Theodore Roosevelt and Senator Rick Santorum. The ideas that there has been a campaign to make English the â€Å"official† language and that laws have been proposed to outlaw other languages are slammed by Blumenfeld, who states he has even started a petition against this movement. He also uses a personal experience of a friend of Mexican descent, who as a child was berated and punished for making an exclamation in Spanish at school. Blumenfeld states that this prejudice is a violation  of democracy and no true patriot could support it. He proclaims that America  should embrace its rich diversity and shed its â€Å"melting pot† ideology if it is to become a beacon to the world. Warren Blumenfeld in his attempt to gain the support of his readers employs the use of appeals to emotions and values. In his retelling of his encounter with his cousin he seeks to make Americans, including himself, feel as though they have not done enough to embrace linguistic diversity. By doing this he is able to make Americans feel t hat they should work assiduously to overcome this rather true stereotype. He also speaks of the extent American society will go to eliminate other languages, including campaigns by political leaders and proposition of laws. By highlighting these details and framing them in such a way that depicts them as promoting ignorance, Blumenfeld is able to gain the readers’ support. To show just how serious and credible his claim is, Blumenfeld then identifies that he has started a petition, which encourages readers to a call to action. To then gain the readers’ sympathy Blumenfeld uses an experience from a friend who as a child was castigated for speaking Spanish. This experience causes readers to be appalled that in their society, people, especially children are being chastised because of their cultural differences. The highpoint of Blumenfeld’s argument is introduced near the end when he begins to speak about the founding principles of America. He proclaims that the values of democracy and diversity are woven into the fabric of the nation and its people, and as such the people should work to protect and propagate these American values. True American patriots would then see the issue of multilingualism as an important part of the great nation’s future. In terms of a comparison between both articles, the only similarities lie in both writers’ use of rhetorical appeals and angle of vision. Both writers rely heavily on the emotional and value appeal of pathos to connect with their readers. The difference between both articles is the ideology of the authors. The authors directly contradict each other. Franklin Raff would have  Americans believe that the practice of languages other than English can lead  to death and failure. On the other hand, Warren Blumenfeld implores Americans to embrace learning and practicing other languages as it allows people to communicate across borders easily. After reading and analyzing both Franklin Raff’s and Warren Blumenfeld’s articles in detail I was able to gain new knowledge on the subject of multilingualism. From personal experiences I previously had opinions on the topic but from my newly attained knowledge I was able to strengthen my opinions. The basics of my ideology are that I believe that all government and other official documents should be printed in one language, most suitably English, for ease of communication. Though we should also encourage people to learn and practice multiple languages as that ability enhances a person’s effectiveness to themselves and to society as a whole. I was fortunate to be raised in a society that promoted learning multiple languages, though English was my native tongue. I learnt the fundamentals of both French and Spanish up until the 8th grade in Jamaica. Now I can read and write both languages at a level I perceive to be fair, which is something I am proud of. Though I lack in speaking fluency of these languages I plan to eventually become fluent. After 8th grade I moved to Florida. There I was surprised to know that my new peers had no foreign language course after the 5th grade and then they would only have a two-year crash course in high school. Having had that two-year crash course as well, I felt that it was more about getting a grade rather than learning to appreciate and comprehend the language. On the other hand, the peers I left in Jamaica went on to learn either one or both languages at a higher level. In America, I believe middle and high schools should operate a continuous curriculum for foreign languages as it will enhance students’ abilities. Franklin Raff in his article claims that Hispanics have a higher failure rate at school, particularly in Chicago, because of their knowledge of another language. Having had Hispanic classmates I am in complete disagreement with  Raff as it was apparent they were just as inclined for success and I believed that their ability to speak both English and Spanish gave them somewhat of an edge in being successful. As it pertains to the Chicago school system there is likely to be social factors other than language, including poverty in a densely populated area, that can lead to higher failure rates that Raff fails to account for. I also disagree with Warren Blumenfeld that English should not be made the official language of America and that government documents should be printed in multiple languages. Blumenfeld states that it is unnecessary to make English the official language but I believe not making English the official language is just as unnecessary. America unlike many other countries that promote multilingualism, does not have an official language. Having an official language does not mean that a country ignores other languages. In Jamaica, English is the official language but foreign languages are given great emphasis in the education system. For American governments to reduce spending, printing long documents in English only would be a good idea, but smaller statements such as safety information on airplanes can be printed in multiple languages, including French and Spanish. Though I have disagreements with the points the writers make, I do find some common ground with them. Franklin Raff’s claim that different languages make communication between people difficult is very understandable. There have been a few instances where I’ve heard people say they could not communicate with people at places such as the gas station as one person solely speaks English and the other solely Spanish. To achieve goals and make things happen require effective communication between people. I also agree with Blumenfeld that promoting Williams  multilingualism creates a better global society. I believe people should attempt to learn and appreciate other languages as it is a show of competence and facilitates good relations among different groups of people. America, in particular, has a few negative connotations around the world, and I believe if we as a people can embrace other cultures and languages America will gain a deserved mutual respect. As the topic of multilingualism holds great significance to me, I found it imperative to explore the writings of both Franklin Raff and Warren Blumenfeld. Both articles related interesting and contrasting ideas on the topic. As seen with my agreements and disagreements it is best to only consider the ideas rather than accepting any one as the truth. In my opinion, the importance of communication cannot be overstated, as it is a component of progress. While one language makes such communication easy, diversity among the world’s citizens cannot be eliminated and as such governments should encourage acceptance of other societies’ diversities and languages. It starts with education, to facilitate students to learn and gain appreciation for other languages and create a more connected world. Works Cited Blumenfeld, Warren J. â€Å"†English Only† Laws Divide and Demean.† The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc., 16 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 October 2013. Raff, Franklin. â€Å"American ‘multilingualism’: A National Tragedy.† WND. WND.com, 02 May 2006. Web. 16 November 2013.

Mattels's Chines Sourcing Crisis of 2007 Assignment

Mattels's Chines Sourcing Crisis of 2007 - Assignment Example 3.Many international trade and development experts argue that China is just now discovering the difference between being a major economic player in global business and its previous peripheral role as a low-cost manufacturing site on the periphery of the world economy. What do you think? 14 1. Mattel’s global sourcing in China, like all other toy manufacturers, was based on both low-costs manufacturing, low-cost labor, and a growing critical mass of factories competitively vying for contract manufacturing business. Do you think the product recalls and product quality problems are separate from or part of pursuing a low-cost country strategy? Mattel was founded in the year 1945 by Ruth Handler, Elliot Handler and Harold Matson (Mattel, 2001). Mattel, a toy company from the United States, has been preserving a business relationship with China since 1959. Despite having a long-term trade relationship with China, Mattel had to face numerous ethical problems regarding its production process. Likewise any other multinational company, Mattel’s functions in the Chinese manufacturing sector was majorly focused on the low-cost production process with the virtues of low-cost labourers. Moreover, with the effect of modernisation and globalisation, the Chinese industry was also flourishing with growing numbers of small factories which were solely focused on operating as third-party manufacturers for global brands and thus earn a large amount of foreign currencies. This further motivated Mattel to shift its production process in the Chinese manufacturing sector with the intention of minimising its responsibilities towards quan tity production and thus attaining a larger market share along with increased sales (Dietz & Gillespie, 2012). With its production functions transferred to the low-cost market of China, Mattel was able to earn various advantages in terms of low-cost labourers as well as low-cost raw materials. However, the shift of Mattel’s production functions

Quality Tools (IP-Unit3) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Does historical and cultural heritage hamper or stimulate foreign real Essay

Does historical and cultural heritage hamper or stimulate foreign real estate investment in historical cities (St Petersburg) - Essay Example op reining horse and across the bridge one can also see the impearl Mariinsky palace made remarkably visible by the gallant anchor and grappling hook themed flag of St Petersburg flying high. The ever spring green Alexander garden which extends for a few miles with the broad river Neva flowing past. These and many other structures and features that characterize the St Petersburg skyline have made it to be one of the top historical tourism cities in Europe (Trachtenberg and Hyman, 1986). There have been numerous tussles between real estate developers and preservationists in this town. This is because a huge part of urban Russia is occupied by concrete apartments designed in the postmodern period with the intention of housing as many tenants as possible to handle the ever-expanding population. In the backdrop of all this, St Petersburg emerges as a jewel set idyllically by the river Neva and sharply contrasting with the nation’s postmodern infrastructure. In the course of them S oviet period it was been relegated to a run-down and neglected town, but it later reclaimed its glory and with this resurrection have come skyrocketing property values. This has resulted to questions of whether the city can survive with its historical significance intact in view of its incredible real estate potential. While UNESCO protects most of the structures for their historical relevance, there have been disputes on whether the real estate in St Petersburg is more beneficial acting as cultural edifice or being developed for the sake of economic growth. The opinion of the Russian government on this matter is not difficult to guess; in 2013, it prepared a draft document for UNESCO that appeared to be the start of a process to remove numerous protected historical sites from the organizations’ protected list of properties. According to Russians opposed to the move, it is a question of reserving the cultural integrity of the city and profiting from the high property values that would

Is the U.S. a rapeculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is the U.S. a rapeculture - Essay Example and is part and parcel of life even though it is not either biologically or divinely ordained; despite being a set beliefs, values or attitudes, which can be changed by society (Buchwald, Pamela and Martha XI). Therefore, from the definition, it is justifiable to say that rape culture encompasses such elements as TV, jokes, legal jargon, jokes, words, rules and regulations, etc. that formalize and normalize sexual coercion and violence against women in society. Therefore, â€Å"Is the U.S. a rape culture?† This paper looks at the extent to which the American culture can be perceive as a rape culture historically and the present. Therefore, to answer my question, â€Å"Is the U.S. a rape culture?† Yes. Statistics indicates that there are many unreported cases of rape committed in the United States both in the past and the present. According to Buchwald, Pamela and Martha, many cases of assault that are unreported by the victims are perceived either as domestic disputes or bad dates implying that the victims perceive rape as just a mere normal occurrence in life or an acceptable behavior in society. For instance, a study report carried by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992-2000 indicate that of all sexual assaults committed against women in America, only 36% of rapes, 26% of sexual assaults and 34% of attempted rapes were reported to the police signifying that most sexual assaults and rapes were not reported or treated. The report further states that, when the victims were asked why they never reported their cases to the police, they cited reasons like: they feared reprisal, it was a personal matte r or they wanted to protect the offenders (Buchwald, Pamela and Martha). Therefore, from such studies it is evident that Americans perceive rape as a culture and a normal occurrence or behavior, which is condoned in society. In addition, the monthly reports compiled by the Uniform Crime Report of the FBI from more than 17,000 law agency enforcement, which covers over

Literary analysis of short story Research Paper

Literary analysis of short story - Research Paper Example Readers see through Sammy’s eyes as he describes the scene around him in details – from referring the workplace as a â€Å"pinball machine† to labeling an attractive customer as â€Å"chunky†. From Sammy’s narration, a typical analysis of the story would be that it only â€Å"contains nothing more significant than a checking clerk's interest in three girls in bathing suits† (Peden, 1964). Another more sensible take would be that the story presents â€Å"a sudden moment of insight when a young man rebels against a conservative society† (Hatcher, 1996). However, beyond the usual understanding of A & P being a â€Å"coming of age narrative† is the analysis that John Updike’s masterpiece tells more about an individual’s struggle in a consumerist society. According to Porter (1972), the story A & P can be aptly interpreted as "the character’s rebellion against a consumer-conditioned society." To understand this i dea, it is important to first devote our attention to the context of the story and then understand the symbolism behind the character’s language to reveal the author’s intention in creating an irony about the world around him. Since the story is published in the 1960’s, it gives us a picture of a conservative society where people adhere to traditional values and norms. In those days, conforming to the standard appearance and behavior was necessary, especially to middle class families who aspire for social equality through the American dream of typically owning a house, driving a car, and buying enough goods. Adding to this set-up is the industrial development which allowed grocery store chains like A & P to dominate and offer packaged consumer goods around the country. It is this typical middle-class setting in the 1960s which establishes the internal conflict of a young man against his society. In the story, the ultimate act of Sammy to quit his job represents non-conformity to a social structure that is based on commoditization of goods and perpetuation of conservative values. In Sammy’s words, the setting of the story points to an area â€Å"right in the middle of town† where â€Å"you can see two banks and the Congregational church and the newspaper store and three real-estate offices  ". This description tells us about the narrator’s location in the central part of a consumerist society where a grocery store lies in the middle of the financial, spiritual, informational, and property structures. In the story, A & P is the focal area where packaged goods are made available for the consumption of every Americans. In grocery stores, all products are homogenized in order to meet the material demands of every consumer. As such, Sammy becomes part of this materialistic environment which deals with people purchasing goods and individuals finding meaning on things. Because of this, it is no surprise that the narrator hi mself is inclined to also objectify the things and people around him. At first, he describes the empty store as a â€Å"pinball machine† and searches for the girls show up, as if to find the objects of his attraction. Meanwhile, he labels other customers as â€Å"sheep† and describes a girl’s rear as a â€Å"can† which means that he compares people to things and animals. In Sammy’s eyes, people lose their humanity once they enter the confines of A & P. He sees the girls inside as mere sex objects, viewing them in the same way as customers choose their products. He judges the girls

St. augustine rejected the theories of manicheanism.research this Essay

St. augustine rejected the theories of manicheanism.research this gnostic religion in more detail.what does it teachHow is it diiffernt than Christianity and w - Essay Example The fortuitous discovery of Manichean manuscripts in Turfan in the beginning of the twentieth century has thrown light on the history of the religion and its’ founder. Mani was born in Mardinu, a village in Babylon, in 215 – 216 A.D. to Fatak Babak and Marmajam, of noble Iranian lineage. Mani was a honorific and his true name does not survive, although it is postulated to be Shuraik. At twelve, Mani apparently had a revelation, in which the angel, ‘At Taum’ or ‘the Twin,’ urged him to embrace chastity, and later, to spread the doctrine of his new religion to others. On March 20, 242 A.D. when Sapor 1 was crowned King of Babylon, Mani proclaimed the birth of his new religion to the public: â€Å"As once Buddha came to India, Zoroaster to Persia and Jesus to the lands of the West, so came in the present time, this prophecy through me, the Mani, to the land of Babylonia† (Arendzen, The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies Web site). Maniâ€⠄¢s teachings found little acceptance in Babylon, until he gained access to the royal court. Later, he was exiled and spread his message to foreign lands, as afar as India and China. He was reinstated in court by Ormzud in 274. However, the machinations of the Zoroasterian priests led to King Bahram ordering him to be tortured and killed in 276 - 277. His corpse was publicly flayed, stuffed and crucified as a deterrent to other followers of this ‘heretical religion.’ The teachings of Manicheanism centered on the distinct dualism of mind and matter, of light and darkness, of good and evil. Salvation can be attained by liberating light from the engulfing darkness. Mani used an effective combination of myth, preaching and reasoning to spread his new religion. At the origin of the universe, the eternal Paradise of Light extended limitlessly towards the North, West and East, presided over by the Father of Greatness and

Week 4 team paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 4 team paper - Essay Example The first control mechanism is the cash register. The cash register keeps track of all the transactions and stores the money temporarily. Keeping too much cash in a cash register is a dangerous proposition because if the stored is robbed the thief will walk away with a lot of money. A control mechanism to prevent this occurrence is to cash out the register periodically. The cash out of cash register should be taken out every four hours. The person that is responsible for the money in this transaction is the manager. The manager must take out the cash and verify that the money taken out is the same amount of money that the register logged. Both the cashier and the manager must sign a paper that specifies the time and amount of money that was taken out of the cash register. Once the money is out of the cash register the manager must put the money in an envelope and store in a safe inside the office of the manager. During the transfer of money the security guard of the store must walk a nd be near the manager until the money is placed in the safe. A second procedure that must occur is for the money in the safe to be deposited in the bank. Every morning the manager must go physically to the bank and deposit the cash the store generated the past day. The security guard of the store should walk with the manager from the store to his car to provide added security. A third control mechanism to verify that no money is missing or stolen internally is performed by the accounting staff. At the end of each month bank reconciliation is perform by the accounting staff to ensure that the paper trail is accurate. The accountants must verify that the bank deposits made by the manager are aligned with the daily cash sales of the company. A second type of asset that is very valuable which is often targeted by thieves is the inventory of the company. In a retail store inventory represents the items that are available

Theory to practice Essay Example for Free

Theory to practice Essay Big Time Toymaker (BTT) develops, manufactures and distributes toys and board games. An inventor named Chou created a board game called Strat. Chous invention caught the attention of BTT and they sought out to negotiate with Chou. During the time of communication between both Chou and BTT an agreement was made. Both parties agreed to BTT having exclusive negotiating wrights for a 90-day period in exchange for $25,000.00. The agreement stated that no contract exist unless in writing. After a meeting when an oral agreement was made Chou was emailed a document subject Strat deal by a manager of BTT. This email can be considered the contract in writing and Chou assumed so, later to find that BTT was now run by new management who claimed they were uninterested in his invention. The point where parties entered a contract was when the BTT manager sent Chou an email subject â€Å"Strat Deal†. This was the point where a contract was mad because BTT had received an exclusive 90day negotiating period, and distribution agreement wasn’t going to be in effect until received in writing. This email also included terms discussed during the oral agreement and pricing. The agreement of a contract was that it had to be in writing in order to exist. Never did BTT stress the form of writing. An email consist of written words, therefore it was a written agreement. A contract is an agreement with specific terms between two or more people or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for something else. When the email was sent that was the completion of the exchange and fulfilled contract requirements. The oral agreement that both parties had before the email was sent was establishing objective intent to contract. BTT also sent a fax to Chou a month after the 90day period passed requesting the draft to be sent. This action also showed intent to contract. What weighs in Chous favor in terms of parties objective to contract is the fact that BTT paid him. They exchanged money for exclusive negotiating rights. Chou could  always state an unilateral mistake was made and he misunderstood the terms of an agreement. The fact that both parties communicated by email has no impact on the decision of Chou rightfully still having a contract. Email is just as sufficient as a letter or hand written draft. With a subject email sent saying â€Å"Strat deal†. â€Å"The law governing which contracts must be in writing in order to be enforceable† is also known as the statue of frauds according to University of Phoenix The Legal Environment of Business (2011) . The contract was emailed to Chou before the 90day deadline right after an oral agreement. The statue of frauds supports Chou still having a valid contract. BTT could avoid this contract under mistake. Chou had mistaken the email as the contract agreement. BTT specified that the distribution deal would only be valid if contract was in writing. BTT could argue their meaning of a contract in writing is a contract on paper. This would be a mutual mistake. Both parties had a different understanding of what a contract consist of. Mutual mistake shows both parties at fault instead of only one. If the email does constitute an agreement, the thing that support this a greement is the fact that Chou was within the 90 day period when the email was sent. Although the email said nothing about a contract it was titled Strat Deal. During the verbal agreement Chou was lead to believe that both parties had finally agreed on the terms of the contract. Assuming that Chou did have a contract and BTT decided to breach the contract Chou could obtain remedies for his lost. The proper remedy would be compensatory damages. â€Å"Compensatory damages are an attempt to put the nonbreaching party in the same position she would have been in if the other party had performed as agreed (melvin, 2011, Chapter Chapter 7, Contract Performance:Conditions, Breach, and Remedies).† By the new management breaching the contract Chou misses out on potential profits that could have occurred if the contract had been followed through with. The remedy that would be less favorable would be consequential damages. Assuming from the theory that Chou had nothing in place directly depending on the completion of his contract, there is nothing that would be affected indirectly from the unfulfillment of the contract. Consequential damages compensate foreseeable indirect losses. Work cited Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. Melvin, Sean P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Aviation Regulatory Framework Comparison UK Vs USA Engineering Essay

Aviation Regulatory Framework Comparison UK Vs USA Engineering Essay This report looks at the aviation regulatory framework in both the United Kingdom and the United States, their differences and similarities. Due to the high level of cooperation between the FAA and the CAA and also EASA most regulation is very similar if not the same. By looking at the structure and functions of the regulatory bodies in terms of safety and security it is obvious that because the two countries are aiming for the same high level of safety that they should be taking the same steps in order to do this. The main difference between the regulation of civil aviation between the two countries is the fact that the FAA is the regulation making body for the US alone whereas the UK has regulation passed to it from EASA which the CAA has to implement over and above any regulations the CAA or the British government may have had in place previously. The US has a system where the FAA literally regulates every single aspect of civil aviation and although they freely communicate their findings and recommendations with foreign countries the FAA alone control us Regulatory framework reporting only to the Department of Transport. Introduction In this report the aviation regulatory framework of the United Kingdom will be compared and contrasted with the aviation regulatory framework of the United States. The report will describe the structure and functions of the bodies responsible for aviation regulation in both countries while addressing the responsibilities of airports, airlines and aircraft manufacturers within the respective frameworks. The issue of UK regulation being underpinned by EU legislation will also be discussed and anomalies between the UK and US framework will be identified. Report In the UK the secretary of state for transport is the government minister responsible for civil aviation. This position is currently held by the Rt Hon Lord Andrew Adonis who oversees the Department for Transport (DfT) which is involved in a number of areas in civil aviation although the regulation and supervision of civil aviation is the function of the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Aviation Regulation in the United Kingdom is statute law created by acts of parliament most of which is covered by the Civil Aviation Act 1982 which lays down the roles of the main authorities for the control and regulation of civil aviation in the UK, mostly covered by the secretary of state for transport, the department for transport and mainly the CAA. The Civil Aviation Act 1982 aims to deal with issues of roles, functions, duties and policies but does not act alone as other legislation affects civil aviation regulation. For example international conventions such as the Warsaw Convention and the Ai rport Act 1986 which provides of most of the regulation for UK airports (Blackshaw, 1992, p. 30). Civil aviation in the UK is also influenced heavily by EASA who will be discussed in detail later. The CAA is the National Aviation Authority (NAA) for the UK and amongst other things deals with most of the key functions of the regulation of civil aviation. The DfT as a government department deals with bilateral agreements and is directly involved in certain safety issues particularly the investigation of aircraft accidents through the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB). The DfT also has an important role in environmental issues within civil aviation, namely noise and aviation pollution from aircraft emissions and other areas. The DfT is also involved in national airport development and the management of aircraft security (Blackshaw, 1992, p. 31) (DfT) Civil aviation in the UK is regulated by the CAA which is an independent body with responsibility for economic, safety and consumer protection regulation, and airspace policy (DfT) The CAA provides advice to the government on aviation issues, represents consumer interests and conducts research to provide statistical data. The CAA regulates all aspects of aviation in the UK. In some areas the CAA is the primary regulator although in areas where responsibility for regulation lies with the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) The CAA merely implements the Europe wide regulations put forward by EASA. The CAA is structured in four main groups, the Safety Regulation Group, Economic Regulation Group, Directorate of Airspace Policy and the Consumer Protection Group (DfT). The Safety Regulation Group (SRG) work closely with EASA to improve aviation safety in the UK and across Europe by setting civil aviation standards and ensuring that they are achieved (Transport Research Knowledge Centre, 2009). The SRG looks at the proper design, manufacture, operation and maintenance of aircraft in that flight crews and aircraft maintenance engineers are competent and that licenced aerodromes are safe to use. The SRG also ensure that air traffic services and general aviation activities meet the required safety standards (DfT). EASA provides regulation for the CAA to implement in the fields of aircraft and product certification and has responsibility for the rules related to the design and maintenance of aircraft products and parts and setting standards for organisations involving design, productio n and maintenance of these products and parts. EASA has also expanded into the CAAs rulemaking role by implementing rules for aircraft operations and flight crew licencing and aims to introduce essential requirements to cover air traffic management and aerodrome activities with air traffic management involving Eurocontrol which is The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. (CAA) Nonetheless the CAA is still the UKs NAA and the CAA SRG maintains its responsibility for all aspects not being adopted by EASA and is expected to monitor the safety of UK civil aviation against EASAs Pan European rules and standards whilst ensuring the UKs good safety performance is sustained. The CAA SRG is tasked by with regulatory oversight of production, maintenance and continuing airworthiness management organisations whether approved to UK or EASA standards. (CAA) The CAA Economic Regulation Group (ERG) looks at UK civil aviation from an economic viewpoint. The ERG regulates airports, air traffic services and airlines and provides advice on aviation policy from an economic standpoint (CAA). The ERG aims to secure the best sustainable outcome for users of air transport services by promoting liberalisation by removing government restrictions to entry to the airline market and to aid the optimal supply and regulation of aviation infrastructure (CAA). The ERG acts as an adviser to the government and produces statistical information on airlines and airports The CAA Directorate of Airspace Policy (DAP) is required by the government to make the most efficient use of airspace consistent with the safe operation of aircraft and the expeditious flow of air traffic whilst taking into consideration the requirements of operations and owners of all classes of aircraft (CAA). The Directorate of Airspace Policy approves and establishes controlled airspace and monitors and enforces standards, rules and regulations. The DAP is required to allocate radio frequencies and secondary radar codes for the use of air traffic control and provides meteorological services to UK civil aviation. (CAA, 2004) The CAA Consumer Protection Group (CPG) has four main responsibilities; firstly the CPG regulates the finances and fitness of travel organisers selling flights and package holidays in the UK. The CPG also manage the UKs largest system of consumer protection for travellers in the form of Air Travel Organisers Licensing (ATOL). The CPG license UK airlines and enforce European Council requirements in relation to their finances, nationality, and liability of passengers for death or injury and insurance. Finally the CPG enforce certain other legal requirements and codes of practice for protection of airlines customers. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has much bearing on the aviation regulatory framework of the United Kingdom. EASA aims to develop European framework for the regulation of aviation safety using themselves and the NAAs of the community member states. EASA focuses on a European regulatory system which is focused on seeing that aircraft are properly designed, manufactured, operated and maintained and that airlines operate safely, that flight crews, air traffic controllers and aircraft maintenance engineers are suitably skilled; that licensed aerodromes are safe to use and that air traffic control services and general aviation activities meet the required safety standards. (CAA) EASA provides a common initiative at European level to keep air transport safe and sustainable by developing common safety and environmental rules at European level. The agency works with the member states NAA to implement standards and provides the necessary technical expertise, training and research (EASA). EASA looks towards a single European aviation market and a single European sky and carries out executive responsibilities in the certification of specific models of aircraft, engines or parts approved for operation in the European Union (EU). The main tasks of EASA are to draft aviation safety legislation and provide technical advice to the European Commission and the Member States as well as Inspections, training and standardisation programmes to ensure uniform implementation of European aviation safety legislation in all member States by conducting inspections of national authorities as well as operations throughout the EU to monitor the application of EU rules on aviation safety and to assess the effectiveness of these rules. EASA also handles the safety and environmental type-certification of aircraft, engines and parts and approves aircraft design, production and maintenance organisations worldwide. The agency also handles the authorization of non EU operators and uses a Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA) to judge the safety of foreign aircraft using EU Community airports. EASA also uses data collection, analysis and research to improve aviation safety and will soon be responsible for safety regulations reg arding airports and air traffic management systems, a responsibility handed to EASA as part of the Single European Sky initiative (EASA). EASA works with the NAAs of the EU members but has taken over many of their functions with the aim of promoting aviation standardisation which will eventually culminate in a Single European Sky, a much safer alternative to the system we have today. EASA assists the European Commission in negotiating international harmonization agreements with the rest of the world on behalf of its member states which includes working closely with its counterparts around the world such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 2008) (EASA, 2007) The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is an agency of the United States (US) Department of Transportation (DoT) it is responsible for the safety of American civil aviation and regulates and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the US. The FAA aims to regulate civil aviation to promote safety, encourage and develop civil aeronautics including new aviation technology, develop and operate a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft and research and develop the National Airspace System including regulating air navigation facilities and flight inspection standards. The FAA develop and carry out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation and also regulates U.S. commercial space transportation. (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005). The FAA carries out many activities in order to fulfil these aims, for safety regulation the FAA issues and enforces regulations and minimum standards covering the manufacture, operation and maintenance of aircraft. The FAA also certifies airmen and airports that serve air carriers. The safe and efficient use of navigable airspace is one of the FAAs primary objectives. A network of airport towers, air route traffic control centres and flight service stations are all run by the FAA who develop all of the air traffic rules, assign the use of airspace and control all air traffic. The Federal Aviation Authority also builds, installs, maintains and operates all air navigation facilities and sustains systems to support air traffic control and air navigation. (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005) To promote aviation safety and encourage civil aviation abroad, the FAA exchange aeronautical information with foreign authorities, certify foreign aircraft maintenance organisations, engineers and airmen. Technical aid and training is also provided by the FAA to other countries. The FAA negotiates bilateral airworthiness agreements with other countries and takes part in international conferences. In terms of research, engineering and development, it researches and develops the systems and procedures required for a safe and efficient system of air navigation and control. The FAA actively helps develop better aircraft engines and equipment and test or evaluate aviation systems, devices, materials and procedures. The FAA administers aviation insurance and develops specifications for aeronautical charts and publishes information on airways, airport services and other technical subject in aeronautics (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005). The Aviation Safety (AVS) department of the FAA is subdivided into three parts, firstly Flight Standards (AFS) which includes aircraft maintenance, safety team program, civil aviation registry, Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), regulatory support and general aviation. The second subdivision of AVS is Aerospace Medicine (AAM) which is responsible for managing all flight doctors and medical certificate deviations. The final subdivision of AVS is Aircraft Certification (AIR) which covers airworthiness certification, the small airplane directorate and the Manufacturing Inspection District Office (MIDO). (Randy Hansen, 2007) It is clear that in the UK aviation regulation is formulated with great input from the European community in the form of EASA and many powers have therefore been transferred to EASA from the CAA whereas in the US the FAA is the only regulatory power for all aspects of aviation from running air traffic control towers, a duty that the CAA has licenced to NATS, to negotiating bilateral airworthiness agreements and administering aviation insurance. The FAA is the NAA for the US and holds all responsibility for aviation safety and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the US. The responsibilities of airports, airlines and aircraft manufacturers are very similar both in the UK and the US. This is not surprising as ideas on best practise are shared between the two countries extensively, especially in the field of aviation safety. One example of this is in the naming of aviation regulations, In the UK we have JARs which are Joint Aviation Requirements whereas in the US they have FARs Federal Aviation Regulations. JARs were introduced as a result of UK and EU collaboration in the production of joint ventures such as Concorde and Airbus, JARs set out common airworthiness requirements that have been agreed upon by all of the cooperating nations. JARs have now been superseded by EASA Parts under the basic regulation, for example JAR 21 has been superseded by EASA part 21. The Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) is an associated body of European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) representing the civil aviation regulation authorities of a number of EU states cooperatin g in developing and implementing common safety regulatory standards and procedures intended on providing high and consistent standards of safety and a level playing field for competition in Europe. Much emphasis is also placed on harmonising the JARs with the FARs in the US (Fisher, 2009). In the UK aircraft manufacturers are regulated under EASA Part 21 Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Certification Procedures for Aircraft and related products and parts. Similarly in the US aircraft manufacturers are regulated under FAR 21 certification procedures for products and parts. Aircraft Manufacturers are monitored throughout the design and manufacture process of aircraft and parts by the CAA FAA to ensure they comply with regulations. At the end of this process the aircraft type is certificated for appropriate use. It is up to the aircraft manufacturer to follow the internationally recognised standard for airworthiness to gain a Certificate of Airworthiness which is issued in accordance with the ICAO Chicago Convention. Aircraft manufacturers both in the UK and US are responsible for producing aircraft which are safe and fit for purpose. This is tested in four categories; Structural integrity, systems integrity, operational integrity and crashworthiness. (EASA, 2008 ) EASA Part 21 lays down common technical requirements and administrative procedures for airworthiness and environmental certification of products and parts specifying: The issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates; the issue of certificates of airworthiness; the issue of repair design approvals; the showing of compliance with environmental protection requirements; the issue of noise certificates; the identification and certification of products and parts; the certification of design and production organisations and the issue of airworthiness directives. (EASA, 2008) In order to fly commercial services for example carrying passenger or cargo for payment, UK airlines must gain an operating licence from the CAA (CAA). Similarly in the US airlines must undergo air carrier certification. Under part 121 airlines must comply with regulations and safety standards and manage hazard related risks in the operating environment (FAA, 2009). To qualify for a CAA Operating Licence an airline has to meet a number of requirements in respect of its safety, insurance and financial status. Once a CAA operating Licence is gained by an airline it is free to operate within the EU. To gain air carrier certification US airlines must follow a very similar system which is set out to determine whether an airline is able to conduct business in a manner that complies with all applicable regulations and safety standards. (FAA, 2009) (FAA, 2008) In the US the FAA requires all commercial airports to have Part 139 certification which ensures a uniform level of safety across all airports. To obtain Part 139 certification an airport must agree to certain operational and safety standards and have provisions for fire fighting and rescue. The requirements for Part 139 certification vary due to the size of the airport and type of flights it operates. Part 139 looks at the airport paperwork and finances and the aircraft movement area to make sure the runway and pavement conditions, marking and lighting are safe for use. Part 139 also lays out airport responsibilities in the area of ground vehicle operations and wildlife. Aircraft rescue and fire services are also inspected as are fuel facilities. (FAA, 2009) In the UK airport responsibilities are laid out in CAP 168 Licencing of Aerodromes. CAP 168 requires that in the UK all commercial flights take place at a licenced aerodrome, a government aerodrome or at an aerodrome managed by t he CAA. Like Part 139 the requirements laid out in CAP 168 reflect the standards and recommended practices of the ICAO and form the basis for an assessment of the potential suitability of the aerodrome to be licenced taking into account the size of the airport and the type of flights it handles. (CAA) (CAA, 2008) There are few anomalies between the UK and US aviation regulatory framework as much collaboration and communication now takes place via agencies such as ICAO and EASA to provide the aviation industry with a set of best practices. The main difference between the frameworks is the way the UK is being integrated with the EU using EASA to provide regulation that overrides that of the CAA. EASA will eventually take over most of the duties of the CAA and will provide most of the civil aviation regulation for the EU including the UK. The FAA on the other hand regulates the whole aviation industry in the US, everything from insuring aircraft to regulating commercial space transport. Although the FAA communicates its ideas with the rest of the world the agency retains all responsibility for anything aviation related in the US. Regulation in the US and UK is very similar as a result of this communication and much of the regulation developed from this will be implemented across Europe to create a single European sky and improve aviation safety. Conclusion In conclusion the aviation regulatory frameworks in place in the UK and the US have their striking similarities but also have very important differences. The FAA works alone in the USA and is the single authority responsible for all aspects of aviation regulation safety and security. In the UK the CAA, our equivalent to the FAA, implements European regulation decided by EASA. UK aviation regulation is underpinned by EU legislation in that EASA aim to create a single European sky and therefore aims to create uniformity between its member states. The FAA already has this uniformity over the whole of the United States and implements only the regulation it creates itself. Many of the safety regulations that cover airports, airlines and aircraft are very similar between frameworks if not identical in places, this shows that the JARs worked to harmonise EU regulations with US regulations a step still being taken by EASA today.

Chemical And Biological Weapons Essay -- essays research papers

Chemical and Biological Weapons Chemical and biological weapons are the most dangerous threats that our soldiers face today. But just how much do most of us know about them? The American public had been bombarded by stories of how our government keeps secret weapons, does secret experiments, and the everlasting conspiracies. And many accept it all. Rather than simply trusting our government, (which is perhaps as foolish as believing several unsubstansiated theroies), I’ve compiled several simple facts regarding recent and historic developments in chemical and biological warfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical weapons are defined as chemical substances of gas, liquid, or solid which are used because of a directly toxic effect upon humans, animals, or plants. Biological weapons are living organisms, whatever their nature, or the materials that are created because of their use. Biological weapons can cause disease or death in living organisms, and are depended upon for their further ability to multiply inside the organism that it attacks. Even though the two weapons are closely related, chemical weapons are used far more commonly because they are inexpensive to make and use. Chemical weapons are more dangerous to America because of the conflicts we have involved ourselves in. Iraq for example, has a long and extensive history of using chemical weapons. In the 1980’s, Iraq released poisonous gases against Iranian troops. Iraq has even used chemical weapons against it’s own Kurdish citizens to subdue rebellions. As one of the aftermaths of the Persian Gulf War, however, Iraq agreed to giveup all materials and equipment for making chemical and biological weapons. An organization called UNSCOM or United Nations Special Commissions on Iraq was formed to ensure that Iraq followed through upon it’s promises. However, when Lt. Hussein, Saddam Hussein’s son-in-law and director of Iraq’s weapons program, defected, it was found that Iraq had been dishonest in it’s reports to UNSCOM. for four years. Today, everyone has heard even a passing reference to Gulf-War Syndrome. In 1994, a Congressional report examined eyewitness accounts and declassified operation logs. They concluded that United States troops were exposed eleven times to chemical and biological weapons. Yet, two other reports concluded the opposite. The DSB and IOM reports found that there was no reli... ...l weapons are not used exclusively for it’s harmful effects against humans. During the Vietnam War, Agent Orange was used by the Americans to destroy the rainforest, to make sure that enemy troops would be unable to hide in the dense plant growth. Chemical and biological weapons have been the subject of international debate for over 70 years, and I believe for good reason. Of course, the government should, and does, participate in the conventions and foreign event that have relation to these weapons. As citizens, we should be concerned because chemical weapons are so easily accessible to terrorists, and one result of living in such a powerful country, is being a prime target for terrorist. Mustard gas, for example, is made with two very commonly used chemical compounds, which are thiodiglycol and hydrochloric acid. Thiodiglycol is used in textile dyes, and almost all pens. Hydrochloric acid is often used here at school in experiments. While it would be impossible to completely stop the use of chemical and biological weapons everywhere, America can use it’s position as a world leader to influence other countries by showing an example of peace and strong defense, instead of offense. Chemical And Biological Weapons Essay -- essays research papers Chemical and Biological Weapons Chemical and biological weapons are the most dangerous threats that our soldiers face today. But just how much do most of us know about them? The American public had been bombarded by stories of how our government keeps secret weapons, does secret experiments, and the everlasting conspiracies. And many accept it all. Rather than simply trusting our government, (which is perhaps as foolish as believing several unsubstansiated theroies), I’ve compiled several simple facts regarding recent and historic developments in chemical and biological warfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical weapons are defined as chemical substances of gas, liquid, or solid which are used because of a directly toxic effect upon humans, animals, or plants. Biological weapons are living organisms, whatever their nature, or the materials that are created because of their use. Biological weapons can cause disease or death in living organisms, and are depended upon for their further ability to multiply inside the organism that it attacks. Even though the two weapons are closely related, chemical weapons are used far more commonly because they are inexpensive to make and use. Chemical weapons are more dangerous to America because of the conflicts we have involved ourselves in. Iraq for example, has a long and extensive history of using chemical weapons. In the 1980’s, Iraq released poisonous gases against Iranian troops. Iraq has even used chemical weapons against it’s own Kurdish citizens to subdue rebellions. As one of the aftermaths of the Persian Gulf War, however, Iraq agreed to giveup all materials and equipment for making chemical and biological weapons. An organization called UNSCOM or United Nations Special Commissions on Iraq was formed to ensure that Iraq followed through upon it’s promises. However, when Lt. Hussein, Saddam Hussein’s son-in-law and director of Iraq’s weapons program, defected, it was found that Iraq had been dishonest in it’s reports to UNSCOM. for four years. Today, everyone has heard even a passing reference to Gulf-War Syndrome. In 1994, a Congressional report examined eyewitness accounts and declassified operation logs. They concluded that United States troops were exposed eleven times to chemical and biological weapons. Yet, two other reports concluded the opposite. The DSB and IOM reports found that there was no reli... ...l weapons are not used exclusively for it’s harmful effects against humans. During the Vietnam War, Agent Orange was used by the Americans to destroy the rainforest, to make sure that enemy troops would be unable to hide in the dense plant growth. Chemical and biological weapons have been the subject of international debate for over 70 years, and I believe for good reason. Of course, the government should, and does, participate in the conventions and foreign event that have relation to these weapons. As citizens, we should be concerned because chemical weapons are so easily accessible to terrorists, and one result of living in such a powerful country, is being a prime target for terrorist. Mustard gas, for example, is made with two very commonly used chemical compounds, which are thiodiglycol and hydrochloric acid. Thiodiglycol is used in textile dyes, and almost all pens. Hydrochloric acid is often used here at school in experiments. While it would be impossible to completely stop the use of chemical and biological weapons everywhere, America can use it’s position as a world leader to influence other countries by showing an example of peace and strong defense, instead of offense.

stop spanking: save the children Essay examples -- essays research pap

Spanking has been used for many years and it must come to an end. Also known as corporal punishment, spanking is most often used as a form of discipline. Although it is said to have some benefits, the negative consequences far outweigh the good. According to Dr. Wilson and Dr. Lyon, â€Å"physical punishment delivered in anger with the intent to cause pain is unacceptable and dangerous to the health and well being of the child.†( Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) It is important for spanking to stop because it is ineffective, causes more problems and because there are other options to consider. While many parents are still spanking their children when they are being naughty, they do not stop to consider how effective this method is. Is this method really working? A question Dr. Phil McGraw asks is: what does a child learn by being hit?(Three Questions to Ask Before Spanking, online) The answer to this question is different for every child, but in many instances you are telling your child that violence is acceptable and that it is an okay way to react when you’re mad .(Three Questions to Ask Before Spanking, online) Although commonly used throughout households with children, not much can be said for spanking’s long term success. To begin with, the only way to maintain the original effect of spanking, is to increase the force with which it is delivered. This can quickly escalate into abuse. (Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) Using spanking as a method can turn into a quick fix whenever the child misbehaves, rather than using other rational techniques fo r each scenario. Finally, positive reinforcement and other discipline techniques are more difficult to implement when spanking has been used as a primary method of discipline. (Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) As might be expected, the lack of effectiveness also leads to negative consequences and more problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continued use of spanking can lead to some harmful effects and long lasting negative lessons. It is common knowledge that children learn from what they are taught. What lessons would the like our child to learn from spanking? According to L.D. Eron, â€Å"spanking models aggressive behavior as a solution to conflict and has been associated with the increased aggression in preschool and school children.† (Guidance for Effective Discipline, online) The c... ...ful. Spanking must stop, because no child should die at the hands of their parents. Works Cited Cohen P. â€Å"How can generative theories of effective punishment be tested?† Pediatrics 1996; 98:834-836 Graziano AM, â€Å"Subabusive Violence in Child Rearing in Middle-class American Families.† Pediatrics 1996; 98:845-848 Eron Ld â€Å"Research and public policy†. Pediatrics 1996; 98:821-823 McGraw, Phil M.D. â€Å"Age-Appropriate Discipline Techniques†[Online].Available http://www.drphil.com/advice/advice_landing.jhtml?section=Parenting (accessed July 4, 2005) McGraw, Phil M.D. â€Å"Spanking Research†[Online].Available http://www.drphil.com/advice/advice_landing.jhtml?section=Parenting (accessed July 4, 2005) McGraw, Phil M.D. â€Å"Three Questions to Ask Before Spanking†[Online].Available http://www.drphil.com/advice/advice_landing.jhtml?section=Parenting (accessed July 4, 2005) Strauss Murray PhD et al. â€Å"Spanking by Parents and Subsequent Antisocial Behavior of Children.† Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescents Medicine 1997 Wilson DR, Lyman RD â€Å"Time-out in the treatment of childhood behaviour problems: implementation and research issues† Child Family Behaviour Therapy 1982; 4: 5-20

The Greatest Literary Emblem of the Middle Ages Essay -- Literary Anal

In order to study the troubadours, it is of high importance to understand the context in which they flourished and developed, which was the Medieval Era. The Middle Ages is the period of European history that goes from the collapse of the Roman civilization to the beginning of the Renaissance, and it extends from about 500 to 1500 ca. (â€Å"Middle Ages†). This period is called the â€Å"Dark Ages† since it is regarded by the Renaissance scholars as a long interval of superstition, ignorance, barbarism, and social oppression due to the fact that the Medieval era was a fight to establish a new society independent from the Roman standards and philosophy. However, it is now acknowledged that it was a dynamic period, in which Europe built a new distinct cultural unit. Moreover, it profoundly reorganized the European political, social, economic, and most importantly cultural structures (â€Å"History of Europe†), but its effects greatly differ from country to countr y, and one of the most influenced countries was France, mainly because of its cultural, artistic (painting, architecture, literature), and philosophical enhancement. The main characteristic of the Middle Ages in France was the development of love and romance, mainly in the literary aspect. Nevertheless, only certain high-class and educated people could have this privilege, and the main representatives of this love and romance literary expansion, despite coming from all kind of social classes, were the troubadours because of their poetry, origin, and values. To begin with, it is important to remember that during the Middle Ages, the great majority of population was not educated, and some people could not even read and write, so nobody was able to produce literary works. Consequently, Ga... ...Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. . "Bernard de Ventadour." Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. . Maccarone, Christian E. "Les troubadours: au-delà   des chansons d'amour." sssstrinakria.org. Centro Studi Storico-Sociali Sicilani. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. . "Chivalry." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2011): 1. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 16 Mar. 2012. .

The Colossal Statue of a Pharaoh

Katherine Mordan Art Survey Research Paper Prof. Lindt 10/23/11 The Colossal Statue of a Pharaoh The Colossal Statue of a Pharaoh is a piece of Middle Age Egyptian art and it was the piece that caught my eye at the MET. The statue was made around 1919b. c-1885b. c. to represent the reign of the 12th dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat II. It is made out of stone, a stone called Granodiorite. It was carved in Aswan and was completed in Memphis near Cairo. The sculpture is a sculpture in the round, meaning that it is a three dimensional figure that is carved out of block. The statue has smooth texture and large in size. It's an normous statue that raises over a crowd of people, which adds a symbol of power towards it. I saw that it's Amenemhat II sitting on his throne; you can see some damage to the sculpture due to time and moving around of the sculpture. It's missing a nose and its beard. The Pharaoh is wearing a kilt and wearing a belt that has a bull's tail attached to it. To Egyptians a bul l’s tail is a symbol of their strength according to researchers at the Met. He is wearing a royal head cloth with a royal cobra symbolizing the ruler's power. At the foot of the cubes throne is a bunch of scriptures symbolizing it's meaning to the kingdom. The statue was made for the Pharaoh Amenemhat II who ruled in the 12th dynasty. This was the most important period in the middle kingdom, he ruled from 1919- 1885 b. c. He first started his reign with his father and then took over a country that his father kept stable and economically stable. One of the things that pharaoh Amenemhat II did was conduct a military campaign in Syria getting prisoners to build pyramids for him. He would also conducts trades with other countries for goods, copper, wood , and stones. During this time art was gaining popularity in Egypt. Some of the Fine jewelry made came from this time. Stone sculptures like the large Sphinx came from Amenemhat's time. Several years after his reign the sculpture of the Pharaoh was moved from place to place and other kings would alter the statues features to look like theirs; they would carve their names on the statue as well. During the time of the Pharaoh's in Egypt, the kings made sure that the public knew how powerful they were. They made sure that all their artwork symbolized who they were and what strength they had to control an empire. Figures such as a sphinx, lion, snake, bull's tail and falcons, were figures of strength, power and longevity. These were symbols that were used in these pieces to represent the kings. Since the king's seemed all mighty and powerful the people of the country would continue to praise and follow the kings; bringing the king's power and prosperity. The colossal statue of a Pharaoh represents power and strength of an almighty king of king's. Amenemhat II wanted his public to know that he was worthy to be king and that he had the power of control. He wanted his people to believe in him and believe he would bring prosperity. Most important of all is that he wanted people to know that no ne could knock him off of his throne; he was the ruler and could do what ever he pleased. In this type of society, in Egypt king's needed to show their public how powerful they were so that people could not overstep their boundaries and knew they were under strict control. Every social class needed to know were they stood; the rich with rich and the poor working for the rich. This piece really caught my eye due to i ts large size and wonderful detailed structure. It fascinated me to think about how this enormous statue was created back in ancient Egypt and I wanted to share this piece with everyone else.

Job satisfaction in an mnc

IntroductionJob satisfaction is an of import subject to cover with in the relation of human resource direction. The of import function of human resource revolves around the chief facet of supplying the occupation satisfaction to the employees. Assorted economic experts have mentioned the occupation satisfaction in different ways because of its different behavior. In my research, this is the cardinal subject to be discussed and I will seek to heighten the points to be considered while doing the policies for a occupation for any peculiar employee. Job satisfaction is one of the most widely discussed and enthusiastically studied concepts. However, occupation satisfaction is among the most hard concepts to specify. The assorted definitions of occupation satisfaction make it clear that different research workers have different sentiments about occupation satisfaction. Harmonizing to Wood ( 1973 ) , occupation satisfaction is the status of contentment with one ‘s work and its environment, denoting a positive attitude. Locke ( 1976 ) stated that occupation satisfaction could be viewed as a â€Å"pleasurable or positive emotional province ensuing from the assessment of one ‘s occupation or occupation experiences.† Other pointed out that occupation satisfaction was merely a map of the grade to which a occupation provided the worker with positively values results. Wanous ( 1980 ) said that occupation satisfaction was a lucifer between a individual ‘s demand and the support received from work performed in an organisation. Job satisfaction signifiers an built-in constituent of the complex system of overall satisfaction. Fixing the preset characteristics of occupation satisfaction is a cardinal aim of any HR policy. The HR executives are responsible for accomplishing those policies and therefore, taking the growing in the company along with the occupation satisfaction.The Purpose of the StudyThe intent to take this subject is to analyse the importance of occupation satisfaction in Multi National Companies ( MNCs ) . The ground to travel for MNCs is the addition in the displacement over of the employees for future growing. The shifting, therefore, includes the satisfaction in the given occupation function. Through my research, I will seek to analyse the causes and consequence relationship between the employee and the factors behind occupation satisfaction in a given MNC.Aim of the StudyThe chief purpose of the survey is to look into the remains taking to negative and positive occupation satisfaction in a MNC.The Aims of the StudyThe cardinal aims of the chosen subject are:Estimating the causes of employee attitudes.Declaring the consequences of positive or negative occupation satisfactionMeasuring the employee attitudeTo measure facet-specific degrees of occupation satisfactionTo mensurate general occupation satisfaction,Literature ReviewThere are several grounds for analyzing occupation satisfaction. Organizations step occupation satisfaction primary because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-run ends of cost decrease through increased single productiveness and decreased absenteeism, mistakes, and dissatisfaction have been found to be related to occupation turnover, absenteeism and tardiness. Employee turnover rates have been the most restraints step associated with occupation satisfaction ( Atchison & A ; Lofferts, 1972 ; Brayfield & A ; Crockett, 1955l Dawis & A ; Lofquist, 1981 ) . Mowday ( 1984 ) recapitulate the likely pessimistic significance of employee turnover in footings of the impact on organisations. There are assorted impacts of pessimism in occupation satisfaction on the turnover of the company such as:Addition in the enlisting cost.Enrolling new employees and so developing them every bit good.It can take to reduced societal dealingss ships among employees.No or merely few public dealingss.Decrease in company ‘s chances which can halter the growing.Harmonizing to Lawler ( 2005 ) , â€Å"the research grounds clearly shows that employees ‘ determinations about whether they will acquire to work on any given twenty-four hours and whether they will discontinue are effected by their feelings of occupation satisfaction. The fact that present satisfacti on influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates the causal way is from satisfaction to behavior† . There is a correlativity between occupation satisfaction and variables such as accomplishment, acknowledgment, the work itself, duty, advancement, policy and disposal, working conditions, supervising, occupation activities and gender.Research MethodologySaunders et Al ( 2005 ) â€Å"Research design is the agreement of conditions for aggregation and analysis of informations in a mode that aims to unite relevancy to the research intent with economic system in procedure† . The research to be followed is a bit-by-bit procedure. This makes the full research procedure systematic. Merely primary research shall be used to pull illations. The beginnings used shall be of international reputation and will be trusty. The chief beginning will be instance survey and besides some books, diaries, articles and publications including Internet beginnings.Mentions:Adams, J. S. ( 1963 ) . Toward an apprehension of unfairness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 ( 5 ) , 422-436.Bedeian, A. G. , Ferris, G. R. , & A ; Kacmear, K. M. ( 1992, February ) . Age, term of office, and occupation satisfaction: A narrative of two positions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33-48.Brayfield, A. H. , & A ; Crockett, W. H. ( 1955 ) . Employee attitudes and employee public presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 396-424.Bruce, W. M. , & A ; Blackburn, J. W. ( 1992 ) . Balancing occupation satisfaction and public presentation. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.Carrell, M. , & A ; Elb ert, N. ( 1974 ) . Some personal and organisational determiners of occupation satisfaction of postal clerks. Academy of Management Journal, 17 ( 2 ) , 368-373.Cherrington, D. , Nyal, D. , & A ; McMullin, B. ( 1989 ) . Organizational behaviour. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Cook, J. D. , Hepworth, S. J. , Wall, T. D. , & A ; Warr, P. B. ( 1981 ) . The experience of work: A collection and reappraisal of 249 steps and their usage. New York: Academic Press, Inc.Cranny, C. J. , Smith, P. C. , & A ; Stone, E. F. ( 1992 ) . Job satisfaction: How people feel about their occupations and how it affects their public presentation. New York: Lexington Books.Fisher, C. D. ( 1980 ) . On the doubtful wisdom of anticipating occupation satisfaction to correlate with public presentation. Academy of Management Review, 5 ( 4 ) , 607-612.Gable, R. K. , & A ; Wolf, M. B. ( 1993 ) . Instrument development in the affectional sphere ( 2nd ed. ) . Norwell, MA: Kluver Academic Publishers.Glisson, C. , & A ; Durick, M. ( 1988 ) . Forecasters of occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness in human service organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33 ( 1 ) , 61-81.Golding, J. , Resnick, A. , & A ; Crosky, F. ( 1983 ) . Work satisfaction as a map of gender and occupation position. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 ( 3 ) , 313-317.Grau, M. R. ( 1997 ) . An probe of the job-related stressors of section presidents in a selected community college system. ( Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Southern University, 1997 ) . Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3379.Gruneberg, M. M. ( 1979 ) . Understanding occupation satisfaction. New York: The Macmillan Press, Ltd.Hackman, J. R. , & A ; Oldham, G. R. ( 1975 ) . Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 ( 2 ) , 159-170 Applied Psychology, 49 ( 3 ) , 209-216.Hulin, C. L. , & A ; Smith, P. C. ( 1964 ) . Sexual activity differences in occupation satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48 ( 2 ) , 88-92.

Marketing Strategies of Colgate Palmolive Ltd

Project Report A STUDY ON MARKETING STRATEGIES OF COLGATE PALMOLIVE LTD. Submitted to: Dr. D. K. Agarwal Submitted by: DINESH CHAUHAN[62014] VIVEK DHAR [62066] FORE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT NEW DELHI Contents ? Introduction1 ? Objective2 ? Methodology3 ? Company Profile4 ? Company Strategy6 ? Marketing Mix15 ? SWOT Analysis26 ? Survey Findings28 ? Retailers Survey34 ? Conclusion37 ? Suggestions39 ? Consumer Questionnaire ? Retailer Questionnaire ? Bibliography INTRODUCTION As early as 3000 B. C. Egyptians used toothbrushes fashioned from twigs. In the 20th century a major design advance occurred in 1938 with the launch of Dr. West’s Miracle Tuft toothbrush, the first nylon bristle brush. Until the late 1970’s toothbrushes were widely viewed by consumer as a commodity and were primarily purchases on price. The involvement remained low and the companies also treated their toothbrushes as an extension, to get their consumers to use their toothpastes. Typically in the Indian market the percentage of toothbrush users has slowly inched upwards. As it has always been associated by the non-users as a non-essential item more so because of their fierce loyalty to the margosa twigg(Datun) and the index finger. The market of late has been the entry of several foreign players and the marketing game has assumed a totally new dimension. Companies are trying to shift to â€Å"PULL† strategy of long term returns and the inclination of consumers to shell out a few rupees extra to ensure a more wholesome care of their teeth and gum. This has resulted in rapid growth in value terms. Added to this is the initiative of the companies to focus on expanding the market by bringing the over 65% non-users in their consumer fold. With such vast potential to be exploited, the entry of several new players with their innovative ideas and experience in similar developing markets, the industry is likely to see a lot of action in the immediate future. OBJECTIVE The above of the project was manifold. ? First of all a general idea of the toothbrush industry – its competitiveness, volume and potential was to be adjudged. Next was to go on to analysis of the attitudes of a typical consumer and his/her idea/perception of this low involvement category product. ? This was to be followed up with the study of Colgate Plus toothbrush, as a typical product of the company, Colgate Palmolive and its standing in the market vis-a-vis other players, especially new entrants. ? To amalgamate all above to conclude as to what was to be the future/probable course of the toothbrush industry and Colgate Plus tooth brush in particular. METHODOLOGY 1. To get an idea of the industry, I went through all the relevant literature we could lay my hands upon. This included A & M’s, Business Today’s. 2. For consumer attitudes, I prepared a questionnaire that was circulated among 70 odd people, well spread out across the whole of Delhi. The same was done with the retailers to try and see the conformity in findings in some specific attributes. 3. The questionnaire was to structured that an idea of brand image and relative studying of various brand could also be elicited. 4. The findings were synthesized, and keeping in mind the new entrants, their potential and the potential of the market, projections were made and conclusions were drawn. COMPANY PROFILE A household name for paste and tooth powder, Colgate Palmolive (India) was established on 23rd September 1937 as a private limited company in Bombay, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive Co. Of USA Initially it started with trading activity and later set up manufacturing operations in 1949 at Sewry (Bombay). The company became a public limited company on 5th October 1978. In 1990-91 the company commissioned facilities for fatty acid and toilet soap at Waluj (Aurangabad). The plants at Sewri and Waluj manufacture oral care products like dental creams, tooth powder tooth brushes and personal care products like toilet soaps, shampoo, which are marketed under various brand names such as Colgate, Palmolive, Halo, Protex and Charmis. The company’s distribution network covers 1700 stockists and 4,50,000 retailers with ware house facilities in Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Hyderabad, Lucknow and Madras ( and a new addition at Faridabad). The company has its own Research and development facilities and had also been getting the R&D benefits of the parent company. It has a well established quality Control Department at Sewri & Waluj. For 40 years, since inception till 1978, Colgate was carrying on its business in India with a paid up capital of Rs. 1. 5 lakh made up of 1500 equity shares of Rs. 100 each, when it was increases to Rs. 1. 96 crore, by a bonus issue in the ratio of 130:1. To comply with the FERA regulations, Colgate Palmolive, USA diluted its share holding to 40% in the Indian company, through an offer of sale to the Indian public in October 1978. Following FERA relaxation, the foreign shareholding was increased from 40% to 51% in September 1993. Colgate Palmolive (CP) is a global leader in household and personal care products. In 1991, it had sales of $ 6. 06 billion and a gross profit of $ 2. 76 billion, its world wide R&D expenditures were $ 114 million and media advertising expenditure totalled $ 428 million. Colgate Palmolive’s five year plan for 1991 to 1995 emphasized new product launches and entry into new Geographic markets, along with improved efficiencies in manufacturing and distribution and a continuing focus on core consumer products. In 1921 $ 243 million was spend to upgrade 25 of Colgate Palmolive’s 91 manufacturing plants, 275 new products were introduced world-wide; several strategic acquisitions (e. g. of the Mennen men’s toiletries company) were completed and manufacturing began in China and Eastern Europe. Since 1985, gross margins had climbed from 39% to 45% while annual volume growth since 1986 had averaged 5% International sales Colgate Palmolive’s strong unit, accounted for 64% of sales and 6% of profits in 1991. COMPANY STRATEGY – ORAL CARE AND TOOTHBRUSH INDUSTRY IN PARTICULAR Volume is the key† says Richard Usuquen, VP Marketing Colgate Palmolive (India) Ltd. To expand the market in all ranges, CP has an ongoing RURAL VAN PROGRAMME and SCHOOL PROGRAMME covering 14 million villages and 80 million consumers, teaching people brush or even clean their teeth with the fingers. CP’s action centring around finely balancing the urban market – (59. 5%) and rural markets (68% share) . So while the company has introduced such premium packaging as stand up toothpaste tubes with flip-up caps in the urban market, it is also selling sachets of Colgate dental cream at low prices. This focus on volumes is also evident in the toothbrush market, estimated at 400 million units per annum. C-P is the toothbrush leader in India with an approximately 60% market share, but since ‘95 it is facing challenges from HLL which has already garnered 8% market share. Usuquen says â€Å"The penetration of brushes in India is very low, so more than market share, it is important to grow the market†. To that end CP has actively introduced line extensions across all three segments – economy, middle and premium since last year. At the entry level it has adopted the sleeve packaging, with no individual cases. The focus is on driving volumes through the price-sensitive segment. The mid-price market has been the introduction of the HIGH KLEEN range, while the upper end has seen the zig – zag and Double – Action launches. For the economy segment, a price focus has been adopted. On offer are five toothbrushes each from the CP and Cibacca stables to rural consumers, at prices low enough to generate trial. For the urban market, the focus is on maintaining novelty value by introducing new variants and added features. Whatever is new, people buy. So the idea is to accelerate choice through a variety of product features†. CP’s perception of the Indian market is of one where people welcome change but clamour for high end products at cheaply prices. The answer to this conundrum as per the company’s strategy is to â€Å"†¦.. Optimise cost and formulation and the proceses and come up with efficient manufacturing to answer this â€Å". CP’s strategy is to pour in a lot of investment in the Indian market in terms of capital expenditure and organizational support and each out to the deepest interiors. SEGMENTATION The toothbrush industry can be regarded as a component of the Oral Care industry which broadly comprises tooth paste, mouth wash and floss, besides tooth brushes and a large unorganized naturally available cleaning mediums viz. Index Finger, Neem twigs etc. But Colgate Plus need not to bothered about latter as it operates in a different category. The tooth brush industry can be segmented in the basis of social class & income group (Demographic Segmentation ), price (Product segmentation), benefit (behavioural segmentation), the last being the most important. DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION ACCORDING TO PRICE |Segment |Category |Brands |Characteristic | |Low income rural class |Economy |Promise, Cibaca |Looking for low price | |Middle income group semi urban |Standard |Colgate Classic Pepsodent popular | Value for money | |consumer | | | |Upper middle income urban |Premium |Colgate Plus, Classic, Ajay, Royal |High quality cleaning efficiency | |consumers | | | | |Upper class urban sophisticate |Super Premium |Oral B, Aquafresh, Jordan, Close Up|Unique, attribute, dentists | | | | |recommendation | The last two categories merge, since Colgate Plus is intelligently positioned in between the two to maintain a high quality in age as well as encourage switches from standard category to up grade PSYCHOGRAPHICS |Variations in Product |Jazzy looks, Transparent handle|Simpleton looks, Modest |Mix of the two : transparent | | |Flashy colours Superior Packing|packaging, Solid colours |handle but not very flash | | | | |packaging. |Urban sophisticate |Chooses with care, sports it as|Abhors |Abhors | | |a status symbol while | | | | |interacting in group travels | | | |Semi urban Non Chalant User |Aspires for it, but finds it |Very often goes for this as it |Some times this | | |difficult to afford; tries it |serves is purpose without much | | | |seldom |expenditure | | |Rural User |Does not have access/can’t | Is the only option Datun |Generally can’t afford this | | |think of | |either | |Tooth brushes brands |Oral B, Jordan, Aqua fresh etc. |Promise, Forhans etc. |Cibaca, Ajanta, Ajay etc. | The overall response reflects a gradual move in the direction of the premium to super premium segment as it is once in three months/four months purchase, thus being successful in luring all customers (except the rural user who are a small minority of the Market) to try out the ones that are places at a higher price on account of their trendy looks and overall appeal of style and splendor. BENEFIT SEGMENTATION |User Characteristic |Invalid oral health consumer |Involved oral health Consumer |Uninvolved Oral Health Consumer| | |Therapeutic Brushers |Cosmetic Brushers |Non-chalant Brushers | |Product Differentiater |Search functionally superior |Search for product that |Views products as same Lack of | | |product with many attributes. effectively delivers cosmetic |interest | | | |benefits | | |Advertising appeal |Put off by hardsell Prefers |Influenced by promotion, |Relatively unaware of ads can | | |dentist recommendation or |hammering on a USP |at most be influenced by price | | |in formed opinion | |offs, package deals | |Buying behaviour |Buys for himself, will go to a |Buys and uses for himself. |Buys for family. , will pick up| | |specialised store |Will not go beyond a large |any brand available. | | | |shop, supermarket | | |Regularity of usage |Brushes after every meal |Brushes mostly once, sometimes |At most once a day | | | |twice | | |Brand loyalty High |Low |Nil | |Price (Willing to pay) |>20 |15-20 | Rs. 20 |3. 0 |25. 0 |7. 5 | |ASCRIBED TO | | | | |No specific reason |59. 4 |33. 3 |50. 0 | |word of mouth |15. 6 |16. 7 |19. 1 | |impressed with advt. |9. 3 |20. |11. 9 | |shopkeeper insisted |15. 6 |20. 8 |14. 3 | |dentists advice |6. 3 |8. 3 |4. 8 | |REPLACEMENT FREQUENCY | | | | |0-1 MONTHS |23. 5 |12. 5 |17. 4 | |1-2 MONTHS |26. 5 |29. |28. 3 | |2-3 MONTHS |23. 5 |29. 2 |30. 4 | |3-4 MONTHS |23. 5 |16. 7 |19. 6 | |> 4 MONTHS |2. 9 |16. 7 |4. 3 | |FREQ. OF BRUSHING | | | | |Once (per day) |50. 0 |28. |46. 7 | |Twice |44. 2 |68. 0 |46. 8 | |after eve ry meal |2. 9 |4. 0 |2. 2 | |Not very particular |2. 9 |0. 0 |2. 2 | |pressed with Advertisement | | | | |YES |11. 1 |22. 2 |12. | |NO |88. 9 |78. 0 |87. 1 | RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF ATTRIBUTES | |MALES |FEMALES |TOTAL |RANK | |PRICE |62. 7 |57. 3 |61. 2 |5 | |PACKAGING |40. 2 |49. 3 |44. 6 |8 | |DURABILITY |74. 5 |74. 7 |75. |2 | |LONG HANDLE |51. 9 |60. 0 |57. 0 |6 | |FLEXIBLE NECK |52. 9 |60. 0 |57. 1 |6 | |COMFY. ANGLE |68. 6 |78. 7 |73. 7 |3 | |SOFT BRISTLES |78. 4 |86. 7 |82. 9 |1 | |LOOKS |46. 1 |40. 0 |44. 9 | |DIAMOND HEAD |36. 3 |41. 3 |38. 9 |10 | |GRIP |58. 8 |68. 0 |63. 4 |4 | |INDICATOR |28. 4 |41. 3 |34. 3 |11 | COLGATE PLUS USERS RESPONSE | |Males |Females |Total | | |v. Good | |COLGATE PLUS |30. 96 | |CIBACA |14. 28 | |ORAL-B |16. 66 | |CLOSE-UP |9. 52 | |PEPSODENT POPULAR |7. 14 | |JORDAN |9. 2 | |OTHERS |11. 90 | BRAND RECALL |BRANDS |PERCENTAGE | |COLGATE PLUS |20. 47 | |PEPSODENT POPULAR |11. 02 | |CIBACA |10. 4 | |ORAL-B |9. 54 | |AQUA-FRESH |7. 59 | |AJANTA |7. 09 | |OTHERS |28. 35 | Only about 5% of the respondents could not remember which toothbrush they were presently using which were excluded from the above computing. RETAILER’S SURVEY FEATURES |No. f Respondents |: |20 | |Areas covered |: |Defence Colony, South Avenue, Khan Market, North Campus, Sarojini| | | |Nagar | |Nature of survey |: |Structured Questionnaire | |Objective |: |a) To gather the respond to new entrants vis-a-vis Colgate Plus | | | |as perceived by retailers. | | | |B) Retailers favorite brand(s) | | | |Margins offered | |Limitations |: |Given the areas covered, the response was bound to be asked in | | | |favour of the upper class users. | F INDINGS |A. Availability | | | |Easy |: |Classic, Aqua-Fresh, Oral-B, Pepsodent, Colgate Plus | |Not Easy |: |Royal, Forhans, Cibaca, Jordan, Prudent. | |B. Sales | | | |High |: |Colgate Plus, Cibaca, Classic, Pepsodent, Oral-B | |Satisfactory |: |Close-up, Ajanta, Ajay, Jordan, Aqua-Fresh | |C. Profit Margins | | | |Highest |: |Classic, Royal | |High |: |Jordan | |Medium |: |Oral-B, Aqua-Fresh, Reach, Cibaca | |Low |: |Colgate Plus, Pepsodent, Close-up | * Highest Margin : 35-40%Lowest Margin – 10-15% N. B. Colgate Plus features in the lowest level of margin and yet commands the highest market share. The low margin was however denied by the Sales Office of Colgate-Palmolive at Delhi, who claimed to offer equal to that of the industry standards. Colgate Plus was not backed up by any appraisal system whatsoever. Supply is kept regular on weekly basis. D. Retailer’s Perception Of Preferences |BY BRAND NAME |36. % | |CHEAP BRUSH |9. 3% | |SPECIFY PRICE RANGE |15. 9% | |EXPENSIVE |21. 5% | |TRY NEW ONESE |16. 8 | E. Retails insisted on â€Å"Pushing† Classic as it was moderately priced and yet offered a very good margin. * The â€Å"D† above was also substantiated by our consumer survey. CONCLUSION The present day brushing habits of the Indian society as a whole leaves a lot to be desired – 41 toothbrushes are sold for every 100 persons per year! Total units sold add u to a little over 400 million, growing at the rate of 10% p. a in volume terms and 25% in value terms (difference explained by the shift to upper end of the market). This implies not much inroad has been made into the rural and semi-urban market. Non-users constitute about 65% of total population. While the global brands try to create new markets and add new dimensions, there is much greater latent demand. Out of their stable of marketing strategies, advertising till now had been low priority for the players (this was confirmed in our survey as 88. % of respondents don’t recall the ads). This indicates companies find it formidable to change the low involvement level psyche of consumers and the route of aggressive sales promotion by way of price offs, POP displays, tied sales and generous trade margin s still hold the key to increasing off take of toothbrushes. No one has made a serious attempt in the virgin territory of 65% non-users (CP’s Rural Van Programme is a recent drive). The thought of doing a Nirma to the toothbrush market has escaped everyone. Despite packaging constituting a substantial (upto 40%) of the cost of a toothbrush it has found to have influenced the purchasing decisions of the buyers. In our survey consumers corroborated to this effect (refer to the survey findings). Companies could rethink their strategy of increasing differentiability by packaging and instead invest in product development for the same. SUGGESTIONS Some possible product improvisations Attached straight tongue cleaner cased in the toothbrush handle. Cartoons character printed on the handle to attract kids. Padding on the handle end to massage the gums. Casing the toothbrush (for kids) in a toy form. Neck with adjustable handle. Get a certificate by the Indian Dental Association (IDA) for the toothbrush, like the Colgate Calciguard Toothpaste. Segregate the toothbrush types for different age groups, e. g. , Children – Thicker handle for better grip, bright colours and cartoons printed on the handle. Young People of Teenager – more trendy colours and designs, like stripes or polka dotted, more vibrant colours. Adults – Simple designs and sober and decent colours. For the new entrant Introduce the product with the offer of one free toothbrush with the purchase of a brush which will help in blocking and prepointing the purchase of the buyer. As the target segment is the premium segment therefore, premium pricing of the product is necessary. Price the product at Rs. 251 -* or at Rs. 301- and not at Rs. 361 or Rs. 221- because the shopkeepers face a problem in returning small changes of Rs. 31 or Rs. 31- and Rs. 1 so they sometimes avoid the product as confessed by the shopkeeper. Add value to the product by giving tips on taking good oral care, in the back side of the package or a free pamphlet with the purchase of a brush, like brushing twice a day, flossing, polishing , regular dental check-up by your dentist, this shows a caring and concerned attitude by the company. With the purchase of a toothbrush, give a free coupons which is to be filled in by the consumer and can be used by him or her for getting a free dental check-up as when and where specified in the advertisement in the newspaper. This kind of scheme can be implemented by the company once in two three months. However, these suggestions can be used by the big players in the market or the new entrant, who has to be a big player because a large investment is needed for such heavy sales promotion and also an attempt should be made to convert this low involvement product into a high involvement as it is concerned with personal card and hygiene and a product of daily use. CONSUMER QUESTIONNAIRE 1. AGE : ( 15-30 Years ( 30-40 Years ( 40-50 years (Above 50 years 2. SEX : ( Male ( Female 3. OCCUPATION : ( Govt. Service( Self-employed ( Corporate Executive ( Student ( Others (specify __________________) 4. MARITAL STATUS 🙠 Single ( Married with children ( Married without children 5. AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME/ALLOWANCE ( Rs. 20000 6. Which toothbrush do you generally use? 7. Name any other five toothbrushes that you can recall 12345 8. Who purchases your toothbrush? ( Myself( A family member( A Subordinate 9. Do you ask for a toothbrush by name? ( Yes ( No 10. How much are you ready to spend on a toothbrush? ( Rs. 5-10( Rs. 10-15( Rs. 15-20( > Rs. 20 11. What prompted you to purchase your current toothbrush? ( Dentist’s advice ( Impressed with the advertisement ( Shopkeeper gave it to me ( A well-wisher recommended it to me ( Just bought it no specific reason. 12. How often do you replace your toothbrush? (0-1 month( 1-2 months( 2-3 months( 3-4 months ( > 4 months 13. How often do you brush your teeth a day? ( Once ( Twice ( After every meal( Not particular 14. What according to you are the relative importances of the following? | |V. Imp |Imp. |Not so Imp. Doesn’t matter | |PRICE | | | | | |PACKAGING | | | | | |DURABILITY | | | | | |FLEXIBLE NECK | | | | | |COMFORTABLE ANGLE | | | | | |SOFTNESS OF BRISTLES | | | | | |LOOKS (TRANSPARENT HANDLE ETC. ) | | | | | |DIAMOND HEAD | | | | | |GRIP | | | | | |INDICATOR | | | | | 15. Has any toothbrush ad (seen on TV/in a magazine) made an impact on you? |YES |NO |IF YES, THEN WHY | |ORAL-B | | | | |AQUA FRESH | | | | |ROYAL | | | | |COLGATE PLUS | | | | 16. Kindly answer the following in case you have used Colgate Plus/Aqua Fresh toothbrushes: | |AQUA FRESH |COLGATE PLUS | |QUALITY |*V. GOOD * GOOD |* V. GOOD * GOOD | | |* MODERATE |* MODERATE | | |* NO GOOD |* NO GOOD | |AVAILABILITY |* EASY * NOT SO EASY * DIFFICULT |* EASY * NOT SO EASY * DIFFICULT | |IF IT WORTH THE PRICE |* YES *NO |* YES * NO | | |* CAN’T SAY |*CAN’T SAY | |IF THE BRAND IS NOT AVAILABLE, THEN I |* WILL WAIT |* WILL WAIT | | |* WILL NOT WAIT |* WILL NOT WAIT | THANK YOU FOR SPARING YOUR VALUABLE TIME!! RETAILER QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Location of the store : 2. Selling toothbrushes since 3. Brands stocked ( Colgate Plus( Cibaca Supreme( Aqua Fresh ( Jordan( Oral-B( Royal ( Pepsodent( Promise( Ajay ( Ajanta( Classic 4. Which are the top three toothbrushes in terms of exist sales? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. In case not covered above. What is the status of: 1. Aquafresh( Good( Picking up Moderate( Poor 2. Colgate Plus( Good( Picking up Moderate( Poor 6. How do consumers ask for a tooth brush? (Rank them) (a) Ask by brand name(b) Ask for a cheap brush (c) Specify a price range(d) Go for an expensive brush (e) Keep trying newer ones 7. Which of these two companies make it a point to: (a) Get a regular feedback Aquafresh( Yes( No Colgate Plus( Yes( No (b) Maintain regular supply Aquafresh( Yes( No Colgate Plus( Yes( No 8. Rank your profit margin for the following brands: 1. Cibaca Supreme2. Colgate Plus 3. Oral-B4. Aqua Fresh 5. Classic 6. Ajanta 7. Pepsodent 8. Jordan 9. What is your a) Highest Margin b) Lowest Margin 10. If the consumer does not ask for a specific toothbrush then which one would you offer him? Why? BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Business Today Library 2. A&M Issues of June ‘05, June ‘05, April ‘2006 3. CII Library 4. FORE Library 5. Kotler Philip (Principles of Marketing) 6. Kotler, Philip (Marketing Management). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. N. S. Uppal for entrusting me with a challenging project and along with it, his help and encouragement has been exemplary. I wish to place my sincere gratitude to the officials of concerned organization and libraries who in spite of their busy schedule always spared their time whenever needed. ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]